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<h3>Introduction</h3><p>Proper sequencing is at the heart of any golf course project, as with any successful development endeavor to ensure sustainability, resilience, and cost-efficiency. In this blog post, we will explore the significance of project sequencing and how it plays a pivotal role in maintaining budgets, phasing, and overall success in golf course construction and renovation.</p><h3>The Importance of Project Sequencing</h3><p>I've recently had numerous conversations with potential clients who have undertaken the replacement of their golf course infrastructure, specifically their irrigation system, only to realize the need to address other deferred maintenance later on, like greens or bunker remodeling, tee leveling, turf reduction, partial reconfiguration, safety mitigation and more. Unfortunately, these facilities that have put the proverbial cart before the horse must either work around or pay again for retrofitting their new irrigation system later.</p><p>For example, a complete replacement irrigation system typically amounts to approximately $34.5K (or more) per irrigated/maintained acre. The price is changing as we speak! For easy math, if a course has 100 acres (40.5 HA) of irrigated/maintained turf, the projected expense for a new system would reach $3.45 million. However, by planning and discovering that you can reduce the irrigated/maintained acreage to 70-85 acres (15-30%), you could save anywhere between $500K to $1 million in this scenario. Proactive, well-sequenced planning proves to be a significant cost-saving measure.</p><figure id="figure-jj0rmhxq4jlo0qj5wm"><img id="jj0rmhxq4jlo0qj5wm" src="https://cdn.durable.co/shutterstock/23N36otvUPviBwn6dqk1JCVVKyMWFG4Zyc7hmJhsqDunbQgrrlKd3F2MxXY3EeRS.jpeg" alt="Make it Rain Money" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 rounded-sm md:rounded-md lg:rounded-lg" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: undefined undefined;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="undefined" data-positiony="undefined" data-mce-src="https://cdn.durable.co/shutterstock/23N36otvUPviBwn6dqk1JCVVKyMWFG4Zyc7hmJhsqDunbQgrrlKd3F2MxXY3EeRS.jpeg" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: undefined undefined;"></figure><p>Our example above closely resembles a recent project I was involved with. The municipality replaced its irrigation system in full without approving the budget for other items well past their useful lifecycle. This led to a limited scope of work and hundreds of thousands of dollars in added costs due to the need to partially retrofit the irrigation system when additional improvements were approved two years later.&nbsp;</p><p>The key takeaway is that investing substantial money in an irrigation system without carefully considering other related golf course components can be incredibly costly.</p><figure id="figure-kfhx749n8jlo0qjl3y"><img id="kfhx749n8jlo0qjl3y" src="https://cdn.durable.co/shutterstock/1ddBJsPx7D7cP36fpt1bVuGjCftR0yVFXVsYtMjltk69mkgHp9o4B7omeMUqrXo7.jpeg" alt="Burning Money" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 rounded-sm md:rounded-md lg:rounded-lg" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: undefined undefined;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="undefined" data-positiony="undefined" data-mce-src="https://cdn.durable.co/shutterstock/1ddBJsPx7D7cP36fpt1bVuGjCftR0yVFXVsYtMjltk69mkgHp9o4B7omeMUqrXo7.jpeg" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: undefined undefined;"></figure><h3>Sequence Planning for Cost Savings</h3><p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Proper planning in golf course construction is essential for avoiding these unnecessary expenses. Here's how thoughtful sequencing can lead to significant cost savings:</span></p><p>One of the most significant cost-saving opportunities is reducing the maintained/irrigated turf areas throughout the course. Savings are realized both in the installation and on-going maintenance. When you think about it, identifying opportunities to reduce turf by 15-30% saves water. Still, the size and cost of your irrigation system will also be smaller (i.e., fewer heads, fewer pipes, etc.). Now, the Superintendent (thank them every day!) can reallocate the saved time and resources (i.e., labor, diesel, time, etc.) to other projects that need attention elsewhere.</p><figure id="figure-jrqjugsebs5lo0qk4cc"><img id="jrqjugsebs5lo0qk4cc" src="https://cdn.durable.co/blocks/23UOjylJ1G3hMmezGGmTNz7LefjuXn8TxLIuveyaDNqCkUe7GOhi7tGXHHF3UWZ5.png" alt="Irrigated Turf Grass on Golf Course in the Desert" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 rounded-sm md:rounded-md lg:rounded-lg" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="Before" data-positionx="undefined" data-positiony="undefined" data-mce-src="https://cdn.durable.co/blocks/23UOjylJ1G3hMmezGGmTNz7LefjuXn8TxLIuveyaDNqCkUe7GOhi7tGXHHF3UWZ5.png" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"><figcaption class="body-normal text-gray-500 mt-2">Before</figcaption></figure><figure id="figure-yrufltb4talo0qm51u"><img id="yrufltb4talo0qm51u" src="https://cdn.durable.co/blocks/11wjSoS0ARKZLVObWMc1pVcKinmDnIGVYjuIEv4uiUGWThIU6e2RxKaWXGhkJrAC.png" alt="Reduced Irrigated Turf Grass on Golf Course in the Desert" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 rounded-sm md:rounded-md lg:rounded-lg" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="Potential Reduction in Irrigated/Maintained Turf" data-positionx="undefined" data-positiony="undefined" data-mce-src="https://cdn.durable.co/blocks/11wjSoS0ARKZLVObWMc1pVcKinmDnIGVYjuIEv4uiUGWThIU6e2RxKaWXGhkJrAC.png" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"><figcaption class="body-normal text-gray-500 mt-2">Potential Reduction in Irrigated/Maintained Turf</figcaption></figure><p style="margin: 0in;" data-mce-style="margin: 0in;">The same is true for other areas of deferred maintenance, including Greens, Tees, Bunkers, Fairways, Drainage, Cart Paths, Landscape, and Tree Management. Identifying and addressing issues that overlap with the irrigation system is critical. By not doing so, we might be ignoring something that is a ticking time bomb.&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 0in;" data-mce-style="margin: 0in;"><br></p><p style="margin: 0in;" data-mce-style="margin: 0in;">I always try to emphasize to my clients that the Preliminary and Master Planning phases of a project generally make up the smallest percentage of consultant's fees but provide the best value. Typically, 7.5-15%, according to the European Institute of Golf Course Architects (EIGCA). The early design phases provide the framework, setting the tone for the rest of the project.</p><p style="margin: 0in;" data-mce-style="margin: 0in;"><br></p><p>Understanding the Critical Path for any project is a good strategy. The Critical Path helps identify and prioritize the various interrelated or interdependent tasks forming the logical path forward. If delayed or not executed in order, the sequence of tasks would result in project delays or cost overruns. The Critical Path Method (CPM) is a technique widely used in the project management industry.</p><h3>How to Find the Critical Path</h3><p>First, list all the project components and tasks using your site inventory, analysis, programming, and project brief with clearly stated goals and objectives. After capturing your scope of work in a Master Plan or Design Development Drawings, you can create a basic relationship diagram to draw your conclusions as they relate to all the dependencies for the different activities and components of the scope of work. The diagram illustrates how the phasing of activities affects your desired budget and timeline. After visualizing the results, estimate the completion times, factoring in weather, scheduled events or intentional delays, and the typical growing season. Patterns will reveal themselves, and the Critical Path will become apparent.&nbsp;</p><figure id="figure-np5ni87w3glo0qnn2j"><img id="np5ni87w3glo0qnn2j" src="https://cdn.durable.co/blocks/1yEm6eJIA5CjEkhXWNHmW3EWDBYEgKamZxg7rXK7wnPMdYCwAu6vXVoACcRUeIdX.png" alt="Critical Path Analysis Template" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 rounded-sm md:rounded-md lg:rounded-lg" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="Example from templatelab.com" data-positionx="undefined" data-positiony="undefined" data-mce-src="https://cdn.durable.co/blocks/1yEm6eJIA5CjEkhXWNHmW3EWDBYEgKamZxg7rXK7wnPMdYCwAu6vXVoACcRUeIdX.png" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"><figcaption class="body-normal text-gray-500 mt-2">Example from templatelab.com</figcaption></figure><figure id="figure-ooneme69rflo0qp62b"><img id="ooneme69rflo0qp62b" src="https://cdn.durable.co/blocks/33L8u6URdK6jrQCh4WD0xg5EIZqjy6aUhXzQ6CKN4NUxQzPlgtgLQikO2lzoEInX.png" alt="Basic Relationship Diagram" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 rounded-sm md:rounded-md lg:rounded-lg" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: undefined undefined;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="Example from templatelab.com" data-positionx="undefined" data-positiony="undefined" data-mce-src="https://cdn.durable.co/blocks/33L8u6URdK6jrQCh4WD0xg5EIZqjy6aUhXzQ6CKN4NUxQzPlgtgLQikO2lzoEInX.png" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: undefined undefined;"><figcaption class="body-normal text-gray-500 mt-2">Example from templatelab.com</figcaption></figure><figure id="figure-hcycvt5oklo0qpwai"><img id="hcycvt5oklo0qpwai" src="https://cdn.durable.co/blocks/15aGXfrGwAlKbwGEZrJrcdwRRGJyNSdH9rDOv8UKFzmSPi3TtMakphSB5zMG5y3e.png" alt="Critical Path Tracker" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 rounded-sm md:rounded-md lg:rounded-lg" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="Example from templatelab.com" data-positionx="undefined" data-positiony="undefined" data-mce-src="https://cdn.durable.co/blocks/15aGXfrGwAlKbwGEZrJrcdwRRGJyNSdH9rDOv8UKFzmSPi3TtMakphSB5zMG5y3e.png" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"><figcaption class="body-normal text-gray-500 mt-2">Example from templatelab.com</figcaption></figure><p><strong><span data-preserver-spaces="true">&nbsp;</span></strong><span data-preserver-spaces="true">The benefits of thoughtful and deliberate planning are realized through optimized project timelines, better task-dependencies management, and effective resource allocation. The approach allows us to set realistic timeframes, improve future planning, and prevent bottlenecks in the project execution</span><strong><span data-preserver-spaces="true">.&nbsp;</span></strong></p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>In conclusion, early and efficient planning is crucial for avoiding unnecessary expenses. Sequencing of work, understanding the value of consultant fees, and employing logical project management tools like CPM can lead to cost-effective and timely completion, ensuring a successful project. At the end of the day, it never pays to put the cart before the horse.</p><figure id="figure-grl4mtzxmblo0qrtx6"><img id="grl4mtzxmblo0qrtx6" src="https://cdn.durable.co/blocks/2cjbu7asvbklRqNXfxhfNZ6dALLEIsvyIxMoaHokBTtHlNJbyTglnC7A5IshSOTr.png" alt="Never Put the Cart Before the Horse Popular Mechanics, April 1907, p. 425" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 rounded-sm md:rounded-md lg:rounded-lg" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="Popular Mechanics, April 1907, p. 425" data-positionx="null" data-positiony="null" data-mce-src="https://cdn.durable.co/blocks/2cjbu7asvbklRqNXfxhfNZ6dALLEIsvyIxMoaHokBTtHlNJbyTglnC7A5IshSOTr.png" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"><figcaption class="body-normal text-gray-500 mt-2">Popular Mechanics, April 1907, p. 425</figcaption></figure><p><br></p>

Putting The Cart Before The Horse

Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross (thalassarche chlororhynchos) on the Southern Atlantic Ocean.

<h3 style="white-space: pre-line; text-align: justify;" data-mce-style="white-space: pre-line; text-align: justify;">A Golfing Metaphor</h3><p>In literature and mythology, the albatross has long stood as a potent symbol of both burden and freedom, reflecting the duality of human experiences. Though rooted in maritime tales and poetic narratives, its significance finds unexpected resonance in golf, a sport characterized by its serene landscapes and complex challenges. The albatross, a bird known for its majestic flight and the trials it faces at sea, offers a unique metaphor for the golfer's journey, encapsulating the highs and lows, the triumphs and tribulations one encounters on the golf course.</p><p>In golf, an "albatross" is a rare achievement when a player scores three strokes under par on a single hole. The rarity of this feat parallels the albatross's own rarity in nature, as it was believed to be a sign of good luck when spotted at sea. Just as the albatross's soaring flight sets it apart from its counterparts, an albatross in golf elevates a player's performance to an exceptional level, setting them apart from their fellow competitors.</p><p>Yet, the symbolism of the albatross extends beyond mere accomplishment. The bird's association with burden, drawn from Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner," introduces a deeper layer of meaning. In the poem, the sailors initially welcome an albatross, but it is eventually seen as a curse after it's killed, leading to dire consequences for the crew. This echoes the golfer's experience of encountering unforeseen challenges on the course, where a seemingly auspicious moment can turn into a daunting test. A stroke of good fortune may leverage the player's confidence. Still, when that confidence is shaken or killed by bad luck, the golfer may experience the weight of expectation or the pressure of maintaining a remarkable performance, akin to the mariner's burden of the albatross's death.</p><p>The golf course itself can be seen as a vast ocean of opportunities and challenges, much like the expanse the albatross navigates in reality. Golfers face unpredictable winds, shifting terrain, and inner battles, much like the albatross contending with the unpredictable seas and vast distances. This parallel invites contemplation about the nature of human endeavors – pursuing greatness often entails confronting the unknown and persisting through adversity.</p><p>Moreover, the albatross's flight, characterized by its grace and stamina, aligns with the pursuit of mastery in golf. Just as the albatross's wings cut through the air effortlessly, the golfer strives to make the swing a seamless, flowing motion. Achieving an albatross in golf demands skill, precision, and favorable circumstances – a reflection of the albatross's elegant navigation through challenging skies. The albatross thus becomes a reminder of the potential for excellence within human reach and the unpredictable nature of life and sport.</p><p>From the rarity of the achievement to the burden of expectations, from the trials faced on the course to the pursuit of mastery, the albatross's significance offers a thought-provoking lens through which to view the golfer's journey. Just as the albatross embodies the duality of freedom and burden, triumph and challenge, so does the golfer, navigating the fairways and greens of the golf course, striving to reach new heights while acknowledging the uncertainties ahead.</p>

The Symbolism of the Albatross

Visibility In Practice

<h3>Introduction</h3><p>In the ever-evolving world of golf course development, "Sustainability" has been a buzzword for some time, much like the resurgence of interest in using the term "Organic" for food. The word "Sustainability" is nothing new for many of the non-golfing population, as we see it used in almost every industry. However, golf has traditionally had an image problem related to sustainability, impacting the evolving perception of our great game. The words "Organic" and "Sustainability" are amusing to me. Mainly because what is now deemed "Sustainable" used to be the norm. In the old days, Golf Architects and their clients had no choice but to work with the land because they would have needed more sophisticated equipment to bulldoze a site into submission. They had fewer synthetic means of fertilizing or pest control. Simply put, they used what was available to them.&nbsp;</p><h3>Organic Sustainability</h3><p>Before we dive into the world of golf course architecture, let's take a moment to reflect on the concept of "Organic" foods. The term "Organic" often conjures images of wholesome, pesticide-free produce, but in the not-so-distant past, it was merely known as "food." The rise of convenience-based processed and pre-packaged foods led us to a place where we now must distinguish between organic and non-organic options. Today, we understand that the depletion of resources and the consequences of convenience-driven living have prompted a return to a more natural, authentic, or "Organic" way of life.</p><p>Now, consider the world of golf course development. Sustainability, much like organic food, has emerged as a pivotal concept. Yet, it's essential to realize that many sustainable practices in golf have existed for over 100 years or longer. Back then, they were not labeled "Sustainable"; it was simply just how things were done. Golf courses of the past were much more inherently environmentally friendly, driven by necessity and the available technology or resources.</p><figure id="figure-x1ff6pcianlmf71dha"><img id="x1ff6pcianlmf71dha" src="https://cdn.durable.co/shutterstock/37gpQbHyiQARyxqwGilXYutygNheQQTV5NIA0jO3Bxj0NjEWZef6HnPVeFMnJm2F.jpeg" alt="golf course design" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 " style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="no-rounded" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="null" data-positiony="null" data-mce-src="https://cdn.durable.co/shutterstock/37gpQbHyiQARyxqwGilXYutygNheQQTV5NIA0jO3Bxj0NjEWZef6HnPVeFMnJm2F.jpeg" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"></figure><h3>The Past is History</h3><p>For the past few decades, golf has experienced a rekindled fascination with the "Golden Age" of golf course design. The Golden Age included the early 20th century leading up to World War II. This era featured architects like Donald Ross, Alister MacKenzie, and many other brilliant minds who worked with the land, creating courses that blended seamlessly with their natural surroundings. The result was an inherently more responsible, economical, and uniquely styled approach to golf course development.</p><p>However, during the mid-20th century, as new technologies emerged, golf course architecture took a different turn. Post World War II and the baby boom brought urban sprawl, planned communities, high-end destination resorts, and a high volume of golf course projects to feed the demand. Generally, we look back on this period with disdain, but can we really blame those involved? After all, the built environment of the period was a response to human needs and advancements in technology meant to improve our existence, or so we thought. Nowadays, we are also responding to our human needs and technological advances to improve our own lives. This self-inflicted vicious cycle has become an essential part of our survival. However, we seem to be better at predicting how our current needs conflict with future generations, but I digress.&nbsp;</p><p>If golf development followed the same patterns as other forms of development, why is golf more often called out and pegged with being the resource-intensive land hog reserved for the fortunate few?</p><p>With golf becoming televised, the desire for perfectly manicured, lush green courses led to practices now widely criticized as detrimental to the environment. The "Augusta Syndrome," characterized by pristine, tightly mown turf and an air of elitism, became the standard expectation. Everyone was trying to keep up with the Joneses. While this era expanded the game's footprint and reach, it came at significant social and environmental costs. Not to mention the reputation of what was once seen as a commoner's game. There is a reason why many Golden Age or classic era courses, not to mention traditional links courses, have stood the test of time, with little more than periodic restoration work. The long-term cost of fast-paced, convenience-driven planning, development, and operation methods has created a need to differentiate between Sustainable and Non-Sustainable golf. What a shame.</p><p>Many courses from the mid-twentieth century are now being completely redone, going away ultimately, or in a free fall to failure. Since we can't undo the past, let's stay positive. Since the market crash of 2008, golf supply has been correcting itself. The quality and outlook for the Sustainability of new or renovated golf courses are much better.&nbsp;</p><h3>The Return to Sustainable Practices</h3><p>The good news is that existing facilities and new projects aspire to be more "Sustainable." Many seek advice and validation from various sources to get there, which is commendable. Today, we find ourselves approaching golf development in similar ways to those of the Golden Age. Golf course architects and developers are in a renaissance period where much inspiration is drawn from those classic-era courses. Projects are often designed to harmonize with their natural surroundings, utilizing native grasses, more intelligent or minimal irrigation, and responsible maintenance techniques. Like any other industry, golf has recognized the need to learn from past mistakes and prioritize environmental stewardship and exceptional design principles for the foreseeable future.</p><figure id="figure-u6gk1pq778lmf71gln"><img id="u6gk1pq778lmf71gln" src="https://cdn.durable.co/blocks/6KvaBjii7MYp3GQ31kydckGTTXmsoCYinlHfbOdKUdpwbPepyqacKT5QMrMP8sNp.jpg" alt="golf course sustainability" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 " style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="no-rounded" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="null" data-positiony="null" data-mce-src="https://cdn.durable.co/blocks/6KvaBjii7MYp3GQ31kydckGTTXmsoCYinlHfbOdKUdpwbPepyqacKT5QMrMP8sNp.jpg" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"></figure><h3>Avoiding the Buzzword Trap</h3><p>Back to food for a minute. In recent years, "Organic" has become a term often wielded more as a virtue signal than a genuine reflection of its core principles. Evidence resides in the eye-rolls at the mention of the word from people who know there is a decent chance that the "Organic" label was purchased, and there may be little difference between their options.&nbsp;</p><p>I would argue that the term "Minimalism" has also started falling into this same misconception trap. Initially rooted in simplicity, functionality, and harmonious integration of golf courses with their natural surroundings, today's "Minimalism" in golf design can sometimes veer into ostentatious displays of perceived restraint. Minimalism has become a buzzword to portray environmental responsibility and aesthetic or strategic purity when some "Minimalist" projects require the same resource-intensive practices and indulgent features as the courses they hope to differentiate from.&nbsp;</p><p>Granted, my colleagues and I may only sometimes get the luxury of a site ideally suited for golf. We do our best to mimic what the contextual influences of a site provide to create something that appears to have always existed. It is the right thing to do, but can what was not minimal in practice really be labeled "Minimalist?" Or are we just fooling ourselves with a label to signal that we do "get it." There can be a significant distinction between what is minimal in practice and what is minimal in style.</p><p>In this age of greenwashing and image-driven development, true Minimalism, with its profound emphasis on Sustainability and respect for the land, risks becoming a casualty of its own persona, as its essence is sometimes overshadowed by superficial gestures.</p><p>Sustainability is in danger of falling into the same trap. Sustainability is not a one-size-fits-all concept, style, or look that can be applied at will to signal righteousness or fit some marketing trend. In golf, real Sustainability means finding a self-perpetuating existence within your specific context, socially, economically, and, of course, environmentally. If one were to dig deeper (and I will in the future), much of it is a common sense reaction to what nature already provides. Whether a desert course conserves water or a coastal course protects fragile ecosystems, each site will have varied circumstances and carrying capacities that require tailored solutions to fit the project context.</p><figure id="figure-8u8d6pg4galmf71jzf"><img id="8u8d6pg4galmf71jzf" src="https://cdn.durable.co/blocks/25JWIRMBCd6Ui3zlsjdd0dASChvaBfsnKCppIvnHqkUnYeITSAvXZHWiBEyHnzVU.jpg" alt="golf course impact" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 " style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="no-rounded" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="null" data-positiony="null" data-mce-src="https://cdn.durable.co/blocks/25JWIRMBCd6Ui3zlsjdd0dASChvaBfsnKCppIvnHqkUnYeITSAvXZHWiBEyHnzVU.jpg" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"></figure><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The resurgence of Sustainable and Minimalist practices in golf is undoubtedly a positive, much like the resurgence of "Organic" food. However, we must be vigilant to ensure that Sustainability doesn't become an empty label that can be bought and deployed without a genuine understanding of its widely varied circumstances and required criteria to be deemed as such. Just as our grandparents or great-grandparents enjoyed organic food without the existence of the label, golf courses of the past embodied Sustainability as a natural part of their existence without even trying. As we move forward, let us embrace Sustainability less in name and more as an evolving practice.&nbsp;</p><p>For more insights feel free to <a data-mce-href="https://dannergolf.com/" href="https://dannergolf.com/">contact us</a></p>

The Albatross Blog

Putting The Cart Before The Horse

The Symbolism of the Albatross

Visibility In Practice

The Sustainability Label Trap